Comparing Theories

Modern societies are emergent and open systems. They can be understood only through triadic concepts. Through the interaction and opposition of subjects, exchange and money give rise to the forms that make societies functional.

The mainstream thinks dyadically—that is, in categories of causal and instrumental rationality. These concepts have no notion of shape. Something more is needed: the concept of emergence. Catallaxy is based on emergent processes.

Theories of action show how people act within existing orders. Systems theories, by contrast, must be able to show how orders arise, stabilize and reproduce themselves.

Modern human beings operate under the sign of money. Money is not something added to society; it is something that arises from society and makes society possible. There is no modern society without money.

The economic system cannot be replaced at will. In this sense, it is non-contingent. Yet because it has a shape, it can and must be shaped politically.

Economics, sociology and philosophy nevertheless often treat money as a mere auxiliary or even as a disruptive or morally objectionable category.